Op-Amp Lab (incomplete)

Gain of 10

Thev lab

Thevenin Equivalents

Purpose: To find the Thevinin equivalent circuit and verify it experimentally.

Experiment:

The initial circuit as well as the calculations and transformations used to find the thevenin equivalent circuit as well as practical values used in the experiment.
We also calculate the smallest acceptable R_L2 that will give a minimum load of 8V.


We build the simple circuit using the equivalents and take the voltage and resistances.



We then build the original circuit and get the data.






Data:


As it is seen the values did match up showing that the thevinin equivalents worked.

PSpice

Pspice

Problem 1

Problem 2

Circuit from problem 2

Graph from Problem 2

Max. Power = 7.4955W at RL = 3.5106 Ohms.

Lab 6- Maximum Power Transfer

Purpose:

To find the maximum power of a circuit through 2 methods.

Procedure:

For this lab this circuit was set up.

Using DMM's the resistance and voltage was measured in the circuit as the the Potentiometer was adjusted in order to determine at which resistance maximum power occurs.

These values and graphs were obtained.

Based on this graph maximum power occurs at 1136Ω.

this experiment was also performed using logger pro. However it is difficult to analyze this data for maximum but a trend is visible.

Freemat lab

Purpose: 

to explore freemat and its applications applicable to this course.

              Display of sine graph

             Display of sine and cosine graphs.

Examples:
1)
:V1 = 15V, V2 = 7V, R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 5Ω, and R3 = 10Ω

Setting the information into matrix form we get-->

The current found through R3 is -0.1857A




2)
Circuit 1 has a time constant of 100 ms and circuit 2 has a time constant of 200ms. The output is 2e^(-t/ τ) where τ is the time constant. Using graphs, identify which circuit will have the lower output sooner.

Circuit A will have a lower output.

comparing the curves of 2e^(-t/tau) and 2(1-e^(-t/tau)):

3)

Determining the output of adding the sinusoids: 3sin(2t+10) and 5cos(2t-30)

The function and their sum.

When we change the frequency to 10Hz we have:

This shows that changing the frequency changes the period.

Lab 5 - Transistor Switching

Transistor Switching

Purpose:

The purpose of this lab is to observe the effects of a transistor in a circuit.

Procedure:

In the first part of this experiment this circuit was set up.

in place of a push button we used our fingers to show that the create enough of a voltage difference to switch the transistor as seen here.

Circuit 1

After setting up that circuit circuit two was set up.

Circuit 2 

Circuit 2

This circuit was set up with a potentiometer in in order to adjust the voltage at the base of the transistor in order to to create a graph to determine it's gain.

Circuit 2

Current was measured ate the base(A1) and exiting the emitter(A2).

These values and resulting graph were obtained.

Based on the graph the beta gain of the transistor is 136.02  if you ignore the points after saturation  which occurs at about 0.2 to 0.4 amps.

Lab 3 - Voltage Dividers

Voltage Dividers

Purpose:

To observe the changes in current and voltage through parallel branches.

Procedure:

The Circuit in the schematic was set up using these parameters.

Variable resistor as Rs

Maximum resistance = 1K Ω

Vmax = 6.25 V

Min resistance = 333.33Ω

Vmin = 5.75 V

Vs  = 6.53 V

Rs = 45.45 Ω

IMax  = 6.25mA

IMin  = 17.23mA

After Setting up the Circuit these values were recorded using meters and Power was calculated.

Meter Measuring

Circuit

Lab 2- LED Biasing

LED Biasing

Purpose:

To light two LED's with a 9V battery with out burning them out. We will use biasing, establishing the correct voltage across and current through a component so it functions properly.

Procedure:

Using V=IR the ideal resistances for the two resistors was determined. After determining ideal values for the resistors we chose the values closest to them from our available standard resistors.

Circuit being set up

The circuit was then set up as shown.

Final Circuit

Voltages and currents were recorded in different configurations.

1. Both LED's Active

2. Only LED 1 Active

3. Only LED 2 active

Data Table 

Calculations:

Lab 1- Introduction to DC circuits

Intro To DC Circuits

Objective:

 The  objective is to determine how long the cables for a circuit can be while still supplying enough voltage to a load to be functional. This can apply to real applications such as a remotely operated vehicle that may be powered remotely via wire.

Introduction:

- Our "load" is rated to consume 0.144W when supplied with 12V

- "Load" will operate properly as long as the voltage is greater than 11V

- Battery voltage is a constant  12V (approximately) with a capacity of 0.8Ahr.

Experiment:

For the experiment the wires connecting the load to the battery are simulated using resistors. As shown. Using Digital Multi-meter we determine the appropriate  values  for the resistance of the cable.

Our load is represented with a resistor of 1000 Ohms. This was calculated using the rated values and the equation:

R=V²/P

The circuit was set up and the power supply set close to 12V. Both this voltage and the current in the circuit were measured.

The Cable resistance which was modeled with a variable resistance box was then adjusted in order to obtain the minimum value of 11V for the load.

This occurred at a value of 98Ω.

DATA: